| Published monograph of the Production, Storage, and Exchange (PSE) in a Terraced Environment on the Eastern Andean Escarpment |
Chapter 1 - Footnotes
1Fuenzalida's (1971) model of ethnicity and stratification is an exception. See Martinez (1969) and Instituto Indigenista Peruano (1968) as examples of modernization studies in the Department of Puno.
2Isbell (1978: 165) and Mayer (1974: 359) illustrate respectively the cultural and ecological approaches to resistance or cultural self-defense in the Andes.
3But see Mishkin (1947: 420-28). This early ethnography gave attention to the role of money and the expansion of markets in the Indian economy and culture of the Cusco area.
4"Depeasantization" was a Russian folk expression used by Lenin to describe his theory of capitalist transformation of the peasantry. There are important regions, such as the Mantaro valley in Central Peru, where depeasantization is intense (Laite 1985).
5The first thesis proposes that surplus value is extracted through direct coercion first, and then through the operations of monopolistic markets (Smith 1983: 315-321). The second thesis is built on the labor-value theory of prices. In this theory, surplus value flows from underdeveloped to capitalist sectors because of extreme differentials in the labor value of commodities exchanged by these two sectors ibid., p. 322-33). The third thesis is espoused by Marxist anthropologists. They argue that while merchant capitalism can co-exist with pre-capitalist relations of production, industrial capitalism cannot (ibid., p. 335-7).
6See also Platt's (1986) article, 'Mirrors and maize.'
7"PSE" comes from the title of this investigation, "Production, Storage and Exchange in a Terraced Environment on the Eastern Andean Escarpment."
8See for example the historical studies of Murra (1972 , 1975), Hyslop (1976), and Julien (1983). The few ethnohistorical studies on Sandia are due to Berthelot (1977) and Saignes (1985). The most important ethnographic study conducted in the region was the doctoral dissertation of Evelyn Montgomery (1965) in Coasa (Carabaya Province). The ethnographic studies of Bastien (1978) and the group from the Instituto Frances de Estudios Andinos (1980) on the Kallawaya of Bolivia provide comparative materials.
9See Saignes (1985: 104-109).
10This responsibility was part of the Kallawaya labor tribute to the Inca state. The Cañaris were also responsible for the transportation of the kings when they left Cusco for long distance trips (Guaman Poma 1980: 311).
11Chapter 2 includes a more comprehensive discussion of the meaning of ayllu in the Andes. Here, ayllu means 'kin-group.' Membership in an ayllu granted access to its territories which typically were scattered (Murra 1975). Prehispanic ayllus were segmentary lineages, which the Inca reordered to adapt them to the decimal labor recruitment system (Julien 1983).
12There were Cañari and Chachapoya mitmaqkuna from the northern territories of the empire (Sanchez Albornoz 1978; see note 9); and Huanca (Collins 1981: 13) and Chincha mitmaqkuna from Junín in central Perú (Saignes 1985).
13Berthelot (1977: 41-63) notes the presence of colonizers from the Qolla region (e.g., Asillo, Azángaro, and Orurillo groups) mining gold both for their own lords and for the Inca. See also Rowe's (1947; 1982: 106-7) reference to Qolla colonizers in the valleys of Carabaya. Rasnake (1982: 141) describes a similar pattern of ethnic intermixing among groups of the Charka federation in Bolivia.
14See AGN, Lima, Real Audiencia, Causas Civiles, Legajo 11, Cuaderno 56, año 1570; and AGN, Real Audiencia, Causas Civiles, L12. C.63, 1572.
15This reference [Archivo General de Indias, Contaduria 1824] was kindly forwarded by John Murra.
16On reducciones see Toledo (1986) and Malaga (1974); on ethnic and tributary units, see Escobedo (1979) .
17See Berthelot (1977: 61-62). One of these puna groups of colonizers was affiliated with the ayllu of Orurillo (Chapter 2) in the high plateau of Melgar Province.
18In the case of the upper moiety, puna people seem to have continued to have direct access to yunka resources until the end of the 17th century (Mollinedo 1982 [1689]: 103, 110).
19see AGN, Juicios de Residencia, L.39, C.126; AGN, Tributos, L.2, C.34 Año 1769; AGN, Real Aduana, Alcabalas de Carabaya y sus receptorias. L. 1440, C.24. año 1790; AGN, Cajas Reales, L.1, C.1-264, 1684-1775.
20See Chapter 3 for a brief discussion of how parishes relate historically to the reconstruction and maintenance of the social boundaries of ayllus.
21See AGN Lima, Juicios de residencia L.39 C.126 año 1779, 64 ff. Expediente que contiene las cuentas finales.
