Cultivating Diversity: Field Scattering as Agricultural Risk Management in Cuyo Cuyo, Department of Puno, Peru

By Carol Goland, 1993.

Appendix I: Glossary of Place Names and Foreign Terms

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Abonar

(Sp.) To fertilize.

Ankacha

(Q.) an early and partial harvest of potatoes, used especially in papa milli fields.

Anexo

(Sp.) An annex. Used both for political boundaries and mandas. For example, the community of Aripo is an anexo of Ura Ayllu. The major manda sectors have non-contiguous anexos.

Aporque

(Sp.) Generic term for weeding and hilling (see also k'ujray, llank'ay, hallmay).

Aripo

An anexo of Ura Ayllu, located about 12 km downvalley. Ura Aylleños own land here. The lower elevation lands around the community are especially important for providing Ura Aylleños the opportunity to cultivate maize.

Arroba

(Sp.) A unit of weight equaling 11.35 kg (25 lbs).

Atado

(Sp.) A "bundle." Used as a fairly standardized measurement of load. A man carries an atado of habas weighing approximately 35 kg.

Asamblea

(Sp.) Community assembly. Some of these are regularly scheduled ("asamblea ordinaria"), others are called for special purposes ("asamblea extraordinaria").

Awi Awi manda

The manda system located in the Sayaco Valley and used by Puna Ayllu. The rotation consists of 2 years of cropping (potatoes, oca) followed by 5 years of fallow.

Awicha papa

(Q.) Potatoes remaining in storage a full year after they were harvested. (possibly from awilu [abuelo]: grandfather).

Ayni

(Q.) Exchanges in kind. Usually used for labor exchanges.

Barbechar

(Sp.) To plow.

Campo alcalde

(Sp.) "Mayor of the fields." Authority responsible for guarding cultivated plots from animal intrusions.

Canchon

(Sp.) Enclosure (usually of stone), especially used for household gardens.

Carga

A "load." Frequently used to refer to the load carried by a pack animal. A carga de llama is a fairly standardized 25 kg load.

Carnival

Carnival, the Catholic holiday preceding Lent.

Ceniza

(Sp.) Ash.

Chakra

(Q.) Field.

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Chala

(Q.) The unit of exchange in trueques. For example, a pound of oranges may be exchanged for a pound of potatoes.

Chark'o

(Q.) A form of planting in which different crops, or different varieties of the same crop, are interplanted indiscriminately in the same field.

Chaucha

(Q.) Early-maturing varieties of potatoes.

Chaupi

(Q.) Middle. Used to define the middle of the planting season, i.e., neither a very early nor very delayed planting (see also ñawmpaq, qhepa).

Chakitaqlla

(Q.) Footplow. In Cuyo Cuyo, the word used is the Aymara wiri.

Choqllo

(Q.) The ear of corn.

Ch'uño

(Q.) Freeze-dried potato.

Cojene-Rotojoni

One of the communities in the District of Cuyo Cuyo.

Comunero

(Sp.) Community member.

Cosecha

(Sp.) Harvest.

Cultivar

(Sp.) To cultivate. Used generically to refer to weeding and hilling tasks (see aporque).

Cuti Habas Manda

"Repeat Beans manda." In Puna Ayllu's estancia manda, the fourth and final year of the crop rotation.

Cuti Oca Manda

"Repeat oca manda." In Ura Ayllu's estancia manda, the third year in the cropping rotation, used for oca or oca intercropped with other tubers and beans.

Cuy

(Q.) Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).

Cuyo Cuyo

Refers to the District of Cuyo Cuyo and the town of Cuyo Cuyo (Llaqta Ayllu, capital of the District).

Descanso

(Sp.) Rest. Used to refer to fields in fallow.

Estancia manda

(Sp.) Both Puna Ayllu and Ura Ayllu have estancia mandas. These are the manda (or sectoral fallowing) systems contiguous to each of the communities, in the main Cuyo Cuyo valley.

Excavar

(Sp.) To excavate. Often used to refer to the harvest of tubers.

Faena

Communal work party.

Feria

Festival.

Fumigación

(Sp.) Fumigation.

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Guano de isla

Commercially produced fertilizer made from bird droppings collected off the coast of Peru. It is especially rich in nitrogen.

Habas

Fava beans (Vicia faba). Also called broad beans.

Habas manda

"Bean manda." In Ura Ayllu's estancia manda, the fourth and final year of the cropping rotation. In Puna Ayllu's estancia manda, the third year of the rotation (see also Cuti Habas manda.)

Hallmay

(Q.) The second weeding and hilling of all non-potato crops (see also k'ujray, llank'ay).

Hallp'a

(Q.) Earth, ground, soil.

Hatun Tarpuy Oca Manda

"Big planting of oca". In the Ura Ayllu estancia manda, the second year of crop rotation, dedicated exclusively to oca.

Illaco

Ullucos tuberosus. Elsewhere in the Andes referred to as ulluco or papa lisa.

Isaño

Tropaeolum tubersoum. Elsewhere in the Andes referred to as añu or mashua.

Jornal

(Sp.) Wage-laborer or a day's work for payment.

K'ipa

(Q.) Volunteer plants growing from tubers inadvertently left in the field during the last harvest.

K'upay

To beat. Pulverization of the soil with wooden mallets (k'upana) following plowing and/or planting.

K'ujray

(Q.) The first weeding and hilling of the potato crop (see also llank'ay, hallmay).

Liwa

The distribution of communal lands into private holdings.

Llank'ay

(Q.) The second weeding and hilling of both the potato and all other crops (see also k'ujray, hallmay).

Lliqa

(Q.) Transportable corral used to pen sheep in fields so that their dung will accumulate and fertilize the soil (see wanuna).

Maizal

An intensively cultivated field in which maize is planted. The lowest lying fields of Ura Ayllu. Maize may be planted with other temperate-climate crops. Fallowing occurs irregularly. After fallow, the first crop is papa panq'o.

Manda

Sectorial fallowing system. Used to differentiate lands which are used according to set fallow/cropping patterns versus those which follow no set pattern. May also be used to describe crop usage, i.e., "papa manda," thus acting as a temporal referent, or to denote a named sector, i.e., "Hatun Rumi Senqa manda."

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Mita

(Q.) Harvest. Used for the harvest of coca, i.e., cocamita.

Muhu

(Q.) Seed.

Ñacoreque

A village downvalley from Ura Ayllu, where land is rented.

Ñawpaq

(Q.) Early. Used to describe planting early in the planting season (see also chapui, qhepa).

Oca

Oxalis tuberosa.

Oca manda

Oca manda. In Puna Ayllu, the second year of the cropping rotation, in both Awi Awi and the estancia. (See also hatun tarpuy manda, cuti oca manda).

Pampa

(Sp.) Flat land.

Papa

(Sp., Q.) Potato (Solanum spp.).

Papa milli

The early potato planting. Fields are planted beginning in mid-July. Harvest begins as early as November.

Papa manda

Potato manda. The first year of the rotation after fallow.

Papa panq'o

The second potato cropping. Fields are planted in February and harvested in June.

Paqhchani

Zone of production near the estancia manda of Ura Ayllu but distinct from it. Used for wata papa, papa milli, papa panq'o, and oca.

Poroto

Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean). Intercropped with maize in the lower elevation fields of Ura Ayllu.

Purun

(Q.) Rest. Fields in fallow.

Qarpa papa

(Q.) Irrigated potato. Croppings of irrigated potatoes are common just below the lowest-lying lands of Ura Ayllu.

Qhepa

(Q.) Late. Used to describe a planting late in the planting season (see also chaupi, ñawpaq).

Qhoto

(Q.) The Pleides constellation. Important in forecasting weather and the best time for planting.

Qhotoy

(Q.) Llank'ay for habas.

Quebrar

(Sp.) To break. Refers to the act of harvesting beans, where the stalks are simply uprooted or snapped off at the bases.

Quintal

(Sp.) A unit of weight equal to 4 arrobas or 45.4 kg (100 pounds).

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Racacha

Arraccacia xanthorriza, a smooth-skinned root crop resembling a white carrot. Intercropped with maize in the lowest elevation fields of Ura Ayllu.

Rawk'ana

(Q.) A small hand-held hoe.

Rosario

The patron saint of Cuyo Cuyo. The festival of Rosario occurs during the first week of October.

Sandia

The province in which Cuyo Cuyo is located. The provincial Capital, Sandia, is located about 40 km by road downvalley from Cuyo Cuyo.

Sara

(Q.) Maize (Zea mays).

Sembrar

(Sp.) To plant.

Tarpuy

(Q.) To plant.

Tela

(Q.) A horizontal pole over which ears of corn (pairs tied by the husks) are hung for storage. Perhaps forty pairs are accommodated on the pole.

Teqhnipay

(Q.) An additional aporque of maize fields, done between hallmay and llank'ay.

Tipi

(Q.) Harvest. Used for maize ("saratipi").

Tolde

(Sp.) Hut, shelter. The temporary shelters used when overnighting in fields during harvest.

Trueque

(Q.) An exchange of produce.

Wachapata

(Q.) The raised rows created in plowing in which seeds are placed.

Wach'uña

(Q.) The furrows in a field.

Wanu

(Q.) Dung.

Wanuna

(Q.) The use of small transportable corrals to pen sheep in fields prior to plowing, in order to provide dung as fertilizer to fields (see also lliqa).

Wanya

(Q.) Large potato tubers.

Wata papa

"Year potato," or maincrop potatoes. Potato varieties with regular length maturation cycles (see chaucha).

Watia

Potatoes baked in sod ovens, and the oven itself.

Wiri

Footplow (Aymara). This is the term used in Cuyo Cuyo (see also chakitaqlla). The term is also used as a land measure, referring to the amount of land which can be plowed by a footplow team in a single day.

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Wiru

The sweet stalks of the green maize plant.

Yacon

Polymuria sonchifolia, a crisp, somewhat sweet tuber eaten raw. Intercropped with maize.

Yanay

(Q.) A small, ritualized harvest and payment to the earth made on Candelaria (early February) by women.