| Published monograph of the Production, Storage, and Exchange (PSE) in a Terraced Environment on the Eastern Andean Escarpment |
Cultivating Diversity: Field Scattering as Agricultural Risk Management in Cuyo Cuyo, Department of Puno, Peru
Footnotes to Chapter 9
1 This information is provided by Graham's (1991) study of diet in Ura Ayllu.
2 This procedure assumes that yield variance is independent of field size at a location, within the range of sizes contemplated here.
3 Family O has a large landholding on which other crops yielded well in 1986-87 and relatively few household members. These factors in combination reduce the yield they must achieve in their potato fields to avoid the disaster level.
4 ArcInfo is a vector based GIS, produced by Environmental Systems Research Institute. The results presented here used both the mainframe ArcInfo version (at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), and the PC version, pc/ArcInfo (at the University of Michigan).
5 These cover the political boundaries of the Cuyo Cuyo District, an area of approximately 1,675 square kilometers. These were created as part of the PSE project (see Winterhalder and Evans 1990).
6 Some forms of fertilization avoid transport. The use of the wanuna means that fertilizers do not need to be hauled to the fields. At first glance it would appear that in Puna Ayllu fertilizer transport to the fields of Awi Awi must be arduous. However, most of the fertilizer applied to these fields is obtained in the Cordillera herding grounds, and transported to Awi Awi in trucks. Here the fertilizer is left near fields at the side of the road, minimizing the distance to be covered hauling it to the fields. The differences in fertilizer types and quantities applied in near and distant fields also offsets the costs of fertilizing the farthest fields (e.g., the greater use of synthetic fertilizers in the far fields in Ura Ayllu may reduce transport costs since these provide greater macronutrients per unit weight relative to manure).
7 Produce from distant fields is frequently transported with pack animals (llamas in Puna Ayllu, burros in Ura Ayllu), minimizing loads on humans.
8 If the number of trips were set equal to the sum of all trips to scattered fields, the potential number of trips to a consolidated field would be overestimated. This is because many of the trips represented in this sum would be to small fields, where only a portion of the day is spent working. Since the hypothetical field would be large, it is reasonable to assume that any labors would require at least a full day of work. Using the average number of trips would underestimate the consolidated case, since the area of the latter is so much larger than the typical areas for scattered fields. The field that received the most number of visits (on which this estimate is based) is in almost all cases also the largest field for each household. I did not base the estimate on the largest field, however, since in some instances this was the most distant field of a household, and thus worked less intensively than nearer fields (e.g., weeded once rather than twice). I assume that a single, consolidated field would be well-tended.
